Do not miss these cities while exploring Europe

Try not to miss these urban areas while investigating Europe The lesser-known European urban areas which are worth visitor consideration Paris, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Florence, Berlin†¦All these well known urban areas have become the meeting cards of Europe. Notwithstanding, there are numerous other European urban areas which merit our consideration also. They have a great deal of fascinating things to offer. These underestimated urban areas are loaded with shrouded social and notable fortunes. Along these lines, ample opportunity has already past to investigate them.  The enchanting, cobblestone city of Maastricht This Dutch city will dazzle you with its French and Belgian turns in the engineering, Roman and Spanish demolishes, and advanced beverage and food. It is viewed as perhaps the most established city in the Netherlands. Maastricht is a vivacious and vigorous spot with lovely noteworthy boulevards and an unmistakable universal soul. The greatest attractions of Maastricht are the underground visits to the casemates. It would be intriguing to stroll through the passages and tune in to the anecdotes about the existence underground. You can likewise appreciate the dazzling Limburg scenes during a vessel ride over the waterway Meuse. Remember to visit the yearly European Fine Art Fair and appreciate the craftsmanships of contemporary and present day specialists. The old, Arabic-roused city of Cadiz The Andalusian city of Cadiz is on the whole encircled by water. It has no deficiency of stunning perspectives and vacation spots. White houses, open courts, cobblestone boulevards, great sea shores and fish, and beguiling old community †every one of these things will dazzle each guest of Cadiz. This city is notable for its fantastic fish and fish. At El Faro eatery you can appreciate some delightful nearby dishes. Remember to take a trip to Castillo San Sebastian, which is a heavenly memorable fortification, connected to the ocean by a flowing boulevard. Hamburg †a Germany's Gateway to the World Hamburg is the second biggest city in Germany, the greatest port, and the focal point of global exchange. It is probably the wealthiest city. There are a great deal of attractions in Hamburg which are extremely worth your consideration. There is continually something to wonder about the Fish Market, HafenCity, and Port of Hamburg. You can visit the extremely old Speicherstadt, which is the world-biggest bordering distribution center complex. Elbphilarmonie in HafenCity is another social and urban milestone of Hamburg. It is one of the ten best show corridors on the planet, where you can appreciate the old style music culture, music of the 21st century and advanced light music. The Portugal city of Porto will turn into your all consuming, instant adoration Its pell mell medieval focus, magnetic local people, divine food and wine, delightful landmarks and extensions, tiles, shopping avenues, fashionable person bars, blooming galleries, florid places of worship, and brilliant precipices will flabbergast you. This city appears as though it has risen up out of the pages of a storybook. The River Douro on the Gaia side and the notable focus of Porto have a place with the World Heritage. Try not to miss to visit Casa do Infante, by Riberia, appreciate the extraordinary sea shores and cafã © porches at the mouth of the waterway Douro, investigate Porto around evening time, attempt a francesinha, which is one of Porto's claims to fame, and walk around the Parque da Cidade, down the seafront. Perugia †the pleasant Umbrian city with rich history Perugia is a significant town city with great vehicle joins and various chronicled attractions. It is a medieval, peak city that ascents over the rich vineyard and slopes. It is a significant focus of medieval craftsmanship and a significant maker of chocolates. It is a home of the Eurochocolate Festival and Umbria Jazz Festival. The Saint Peter's Basilica is one of the most huge and representative milestones of the city. Fontana Maggiore is the principle image of Perugia. It is an ideal occasion goal with the excellence of the design and dynamic relaxation dynamic thoughts. The beguiling city of Aarhus has bounty to offer Aarhus is the second-biggest city in Denmark, which is brimming with open doors for voyagers. It is encircled by excellent nature. Here you will discover magnificent territories for running, strolling, and biking. It has a few attractions that are prestigious globally. Lair Gamle By, ARoS Aarhus Art Museum, Musikhuset Aarhus, Moesgaard Museum, and Tropical Houses at the Botanical Garden are the most flawlessly awesome attractions in Aarhus. You should visit this city on the off chance that you are keen on craftsmanship and design.

THE IMPACT OF DRESSING ROOM LIGHTING DIRECTIONS ON CONSUMER Research Paper

THE IMPACT OF DRESSING ROOM LIGHTING DIRECTIONS ON CONSUMER - Research Paper Example The speculation are whether there is a positive effect towards lighting in changing areas and whether the enthusiastic perspective of any purchaser is influenced by the lighting framework thereof. The structure of the retail locations in parts of show of garments, the passage, space benefited for shopping, the dressing space lastly the state of mind and climate by and large, assumes a key job in drawing in and looking after clients. The fulfillment of any shopper who comes in the retail shop is at the center of business development and endurance. To the supervisory crew, it is essential to lay thought of the air of the store and the disposition that will stimulate the clients for most extreme fulfillment. It is essential to comprehend the mind-set of the buyer base so as to decide the viewpoints to concentrate on in store format and plan. One of the viewpoints that are for the most part sharpened on is the lighting in the changing area. This examination investigates the effect where lighting in the changing areas has had in purchaser originations and seen choices. Research is being done on the earth and the impacts on excitement of the client, saw viewpoint lastly in making th e last buy. The changing area is at the center where the shopper settles on the general choice whether to buy the outfit or not. The look the client sees from the mirror see and the lighting of the room plays the way to dynamic. In spite of the way that retailers have gone to extraordinary lengths to pull in buyers with limits and show the best outfits in stores, this reality alone can't impact an official conclusion for making the buy. A client will go through more cash if his/her shopping experience is fulfilled to the most extreme (Donovan et al., 1994). Lighting elements to be considered incorporate the situating of the light for example overhead, frontal, one next to the other or some other position; the measure of lighting apportioned for example as well

The Secret Behind My Name free essay sample

The Secret Behind My Name The spot is quiet†¦so peaceful†¦there is a dead quietness all around. At that point unexpectedly, a train of musings runs back through my mind†¦ July 15, a solid kid was conceived. That was I, Sandy Vhir . Decent name isn’t it? Be that as it may, do you realize where did I got my name? Gee Well, I’ll disclose to you the story †¦. After my mom conceived an offspring on me, my dad went out to purchase nourishments for my mom, simply at that point, when he passed by on a store where individuals were having a ton of fun singing a melody in a karaoke, he saw his companion and was persuaded to sang. My dad just picked a moved paper with the quantity of the melody and the tune played with the title â€Å"Beautiful Sunday†. What a fortuitous event since it is a delightful Sunday for the Dineros family since they have an infant young lady on that day on. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Secret Behind My Name or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Minutes past, my dad hastily returned to the clinic having a thought at the forefront of his thoughts and afterward he promptly mentioned to my mom to changed what they have wanted to named me in light of the fact that there is an ideal name that I ought to be named to. What's more, that’s why they named me â€Å"Sandy† the day that I was conceived and as a proof of their affection, they consented to put the name â€Å" Vhir†, taken from the name of my folks, Virgilio and Veronica, they simply changed the spelling to make it progressively one of a kind. What's more, that’s it! That’s how Sandy Vhir became. Expectation you like the story behind my name†¦ How about you, what’s your story?

Get Your Research Paper Prepared For a PhD in Social Work Program

Get Your Research Paper Prepared For a PhD in Social Work ProgramIf you are one of the many people who want to be able to receive your Masters degree in Social Work, but you don't have the time or the energy to go through an intense course program, getting a research paper just might be your best option. The good news is that a research paper is actually one of the best ways to help you prepare for your actual Masters in Social Work program. The first thing that you will need to do before you can get your PhD in Social Work is to create a research plan.To start with, you will need to develop a research plan that has detailed objectives. Then you will have to write a proposal for a dissertation. After this, you will have to write a research paper.There are many steps that you will need to take in order to have a research paper that is written for your Master's program. One of the most important parts of this process is to follow the directions given to you by your adviser, faculty adv isor, or anyone else who has been assigned to assist you in completing your program. Following all of the steps that you have been assigned will ensure that you can get the degree that you deserve.Once you have completed your research, you will have to submit the paper to a committee. Make sure that you get all of the necessary information from them in order to avoid any problems down the road. The information that you will need to have included in your research paper includes the title of the paper, the authors, the title of the article, and the year that it was published.The title of your research paper should be enough to get people talking. It is important that your paper is concise, yet you should not forget to include plenty of information on the topic that you cover. A research paper is not a standalone piece of writing. The important thing is that you use your research paper to support your thesis.Writing a research paper is not an easy thing to do. Even if you have years of experience in doing this kind of work, it is never a good idea to rush the writing process. You should remember that when you are submitting your research paper, your faculty adviser will be reading the paper and evaluating it. Even if they have all of the answers that you need to have, there is no way that you will be able to convince them of your point of view.So, if you want to be able to graduate from college with a Master's degree in Social Work, then you will need to follow through with your research papers. They are going to help you make the connections that you need to make in order to achieve your goals. Also, remember that once you complete your Master's program, you will have a much better chance of getting a job and a career in social work.

Transcendentalism In The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn

What does it mean to be a remarkable individual in today’s society compared to the 1800’s? Mark Twain exposes the flaws and morality of white society through fourteen year old protagonist, Huck Finn, in his satiric novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, set during the Antebellum South, Mississippi River published in 1884. The novel criticizes the racism, slavery, and the hypocrisy that existed in the white â€Å"civilized† society to provoke a social change. Walt Whitman continues the same ideology in his poem, â€Å"Song of Myself,† from the Leaves of Grass collection voices his opinion on the racial prejudice he witnessed through a philosophical point of view about the universe. As a transcendentalist, Whitman strongly advocates for the unity†¦show more content†¦Widow Douglas forces Huck into white society standards by making him wear new clothes, come when called, pray before dinner, and listen about Mosses after dinner (para. 3 and 4). W idow Douglas wants Huck to be â€Å"civilized† as she correlates being well-behaved with being able to enter heaven. She believes Huck not complying with her rules determines if Huck will being go to â€Å"the bad place† or heaven. The level of civilization and respectability is based off of religion. Because of Huck’s different beliefs and morals, Widow Douglas feels it is her responsibility to â€Å"civilize† him in order to change him into a polite, well-mannered individual. Freedom to Huck can be defined as liberation from the corrupt white society represented by Miss Watsons Home as illustrated in Mark Twain’s satirical novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Widow Douglas chooses to â€Å"civilize† Huck in which he responds by getting into his old clothing that makes him feel â€Å"free and satisfied† (para. 2). Huck views society standards as idiotic and senseless. He prefers defying society because of the freedom he gets to express his individuality. To Huck, his freedom is the equivalence to his happiness. When Huck is describing the woods, he personifies it to be someone who understands his and accepts him for who he really is (para. 8). Huck feels the most free when he is in the woods which is the antithesis of civilization andShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain628 Words   |  3 Pages Transcendentalism can be observed throughout the text of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and through the text textbook examples of Transcendentalism can be seen from the cast of characters and Huck himself and the situations/adventures that he gets himself into throughout his journey, a journey which enables him to develop his Transcendental ideals.. Transcendentalism is a vital part of The novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. By reading and studying the content of the Adventures of HuckleberryRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1154 Words   |  5 PagesToltzman 12 December, 2014 Transcendentalism in Huck Finn Many Readers gain much knowledge from the works Of Mark Twain. Huck Finn is one of the works of the last two hundred years. The author, Mark Twain was a famous Transcendentalist that gained popularity in the 19th century. In research of his works, Mark Twain’s novels involved many transcendentalist ideas. Huck Finn is one of key factors in the ideals of transcendentalist. The novel, The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is Mark Twains works to spreadRead MoreTranscendentalism Expressed Through Huck Finn1706 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Transcendentalism Expressed through Huck Finn Many times an authors purpose of writing a fictitious story is to not only create a story for the reader to enjoy, but to allow the reader to get something out of the story that they may not have thought about on their own. Often times the inside meaning in a story may involve something about society that the author either likes or dislikes and wants you to think about the problem yourself. In the story, â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† the authorRead MoreTranscendentalism In Huckleberry Finn1295 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain juxtaposes two environments that tackle many different aspects of life. From Christian reforms, domestic abuse, and slavery to reflective solitude and liberation, Twain brings together a plethora of obstacles for the main character Huckleberry Finn and his companion Jim to encounter and assimilate. The two contrasting settings depict intermingling themes of the repressive civilization on land, the u nrestricted freedom on the raft, and the transcendentalismRead MoreChanging Views And The Changing Blues1657 Words   |  7 Pages Cameron- 4th Hour Honors American Literature 9 January 2015 The Changing Views and The Changing Blues Mark Twain himself had this to say about his novel: Huckleberry Finn is a book of mine about a boy with a sound heart and a deformed conscience that come into conflict...and conscience suffers defeat.† In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, his view of society starts out as naà ¯ve and childish, but as he experiences life on the Mississippi, he grows into a man with a realistic standpoint of whatRead MoreThe American Dream Through Literature1496 Words   |  6 Pagesas Henry David Thorough and Walt Whitman, and works like Moby Dick and The Scarlet Letter, each emphasizing and glorifying individualism. The pioneer of this movement, Ralph Waldo Emerson, a poet and essayist, wrote volumes on the beliefs of transcendentalism. One essay in particular, â€Å"Self-reliance†, set in stone the role of the individual in the American Dream (Izaguirre 19). In the essay, Emerson writes, â€Å"There is a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance;Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1545 Words   |  7 PagesSince the creation of mankind, nature has provided us with the resources to survive by providing humans with food and shelter, which is why humans view nature as a home. In Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the main character Huck tries to escape to the north with a runaway slave named Jim. While in nature, they learn how to trust each other and develop their own opinions instead of following what society believes is right. In Emerson’s short essay, â€Å"Nature†, Emerson describesRead MoreEssay on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: The Individual Supremacy1956 Words   |  8 Pagescornerstone of many individuals’ philosophy and has been proven ubiquitous in the writings of many American authors. Specifically, the author Mark Twainâ€℠¢s great American novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, supports this idea of the American Transcendentalism by revealing the maturation of protagonist Huckleberry Finn to incorporate individual thoughts. Twain employs changing stylistic devices in the three parts of the novel to compel the audience to realize that self-conviction is more favorableRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesAmerican literature, usually called the Renaissance of American literature Early Romanticism Henry Wadsworth Longfellow James Russell Lowell John Greenleaf Whittier James Fenimore Cooper Washington Irving William Cullen Bryant New England Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Margaret Fuller High Romanticism Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Edgar Allan Poe Early romantic writers Washington Irving (1783-1859) The first American

James Joyces Araby - The Lonely Quest in Araby Essay

The Lonely Quest in Araby Universality of experience makes James Joyces Araby interesting, readers respond instinctively to an experience that could have been their own. It is part of the instinctual nature of man to long for what he feels is the lost spirituality of his world. In all ages man has believed that it is possible to search for and find a talisman, which, if brought back, will return this lost spirituality. The development of theme in Araby resembles the myth of the quest for a holy talisman. In Araby, Joyce works from a visionary mode of artistic creation-a phrase used by psychiatrist Carl Jung to describe the, â€Å"visionary kind of literary creation that derives its material from â€Å"the hinterland†¦show more content†¦This diversity of background materials intensifies the universality of the experience. We can turn to the language and the images of the story to see how the boys world is shown in terms of these diverse backgrounds. There is little that is light in the comer of Dublin that forms the world of the story, little that retains its capability to evoke spirituality. North Richmond Street is blind; the houses stare at one an-other with brown imperturbable faces. The time is winter, with its short days and its early dusk. Only the boy and his laughing, shouting companions glow; they are still too young to have succumbed to the spiritual decay of the adult inhabitants of Dublin. But the boys must play in dark muddy lanes, in dark dripping gardens, near dark odorous stables and ashpits. Joyce had said of Dubliners, the collection of stories from which Araby comes, that he intended to write a chapter in the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis. 3 The images of the story show us that the spiritual environment of the boy is paralyzed; it is musty, dark. Everywhere in his dark surroundings the boy seeks the light. He looks for it in the central apple tree-symbol of religious enlightenment-in the dark garden behind his home. The gardenshould be like Eden, but the tree is overshadowed by the desolationof the garden, and thus has become the tree of spiritual death. HelooksShow MoreRelated Comparing James Joyces Araby and Ernest Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted Place1363 Words   |  6 PagesComparing James Joyces Araby and Ernest Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted Place As divergent as James Joyces Araby and Ernest Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted Place are in style, they handle many of the same themes. Both stories explore hope, anguish, faith, and despair. While Araby depicts a youth being set up for his first great disappointment, and A Clean, Well-Lighted Place shows two older men who have long ago settled for despair, both stories use a number of analogous symbolsRead MoreArabay by James Joyce Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pages Select Literary Elements of â€Å"Araby† In â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce, the author uses several literary elements to convey the multitude of deep meanings within the short story. Three of the most prominent and commonly used by Joyce are the elements of how the themes were developed, the unbounded use of symbolism, and the effectiveness of a particular point of view. Through these three elements Joyce was able to publish his world famous story and allow his literary piece to be understood and criticizedRead More Youthful Experience in James Joyces Araby Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesYouthful Experience in James Joyces Araby James Joyces, Araby is a simple tale of youthful passion set in the midst of a harsh economic era. The main character of the story is a young boy living in a bleak environment who becomes entangled in the passions, frustrations, and realizations of youth. The bleak setting of the era is enhanced by the narrators descriptions of the young boys surroundings. Araby is a story of the loneliness of youth, the joy of youthful passion, and the realizationRead MoreAlienation of Araby Essay1884 Words   |  8 PagesAlienation of Araby Although Araby is a fairly short story, author James Joyce does a remarkable job of discussing some very deep issues within it. On the surface it appears to be a story of a boys trip to the market to get a gift for the girl he has a crush on. Yet deeper down it is about a lonely boy who makes a pilgrimage to an eastern-styled bazaar in hopes that it will somehow alleviate his miserable life. James Joyces uses the boy in Araby to expose a story of isolation and lackRead More Themes of Alienation and Control in James Joyces Araby Essay examples1849 Words   |  8 Pages Alienation of â€Å"Araby† Although â€Å"Araby† is a fairly short story, author James Joyce does a remarkable job of discussing some very deep issues within it. On the surface it appears to be a story of a boys trip to the market to get a gift for the girl he has a crush on. Yet deeper down it is about a lonely boy who makes a pilgrimage to an eastern-styled bazaar in hopes that it will somehow alleviate his miserable life. James Joyce’s uses the boy in â€Å"Araby† to expose a story of isolation andRead MoreHuman Intuition2406 Words   |  10 Pagesto describe the epiphanic experience, although it is seemingly a very difficult wonder to describe. Few writers have been able to capture the ability to portray this very thing. William Wordsworth and James Joyce both possessed the ability to express the depth and reality of human intuition. James Joyce also had a modern tendency to structure short stories around epiphanic moments. Wordsworth and Joyce use irony, imagery, and theme f or materials to demonstrate the deep connection between wordsRead MoreJames Joyces Araby And The Yellow Wallpaper1985 Words   |  8 Pagessuperego is the practical component which is more set on the morals and values set by others they know, meanwhile, the ego is the weak mediator of the two. The strength of the id is an overbearing topic in Araby by James Joyce and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. The 1914 short story, Araby, follows a young boy going through his preteen years with a growing obsession for Mangan’s sister. Despite the fact that she is much older than himself and is involved in a nearby convent, he ignoresRead MoreEssay on James Joyces Araby3507 Words   |  15 PagesJames Joyces Araby I doubt there are book logs that commence with a note directing a reader, specifically you, even though I get the impression from Mr. Little to whom riding between pairs of glasses suggesting that in order to gather a bounty against my beloved head I must be obliged to fathoming on how to receive topic sentences with cradling arms and craters of dimples (have to love formalities, even of those lolling head-stumps, after all, it keeps NATO all triteRead More Essay on Character Movement in James Joyces Dubliners3532 Words   |  15 PagesCharacter Movement in Dubliners  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In a letter to his publisher, Grant Richards, concerning his collection of stories called Dubliners, James Joyce wrote: My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis. I have tried to present it to the indifferent public under four of its aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity, and public life. The stories are arranged in this orderRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pageshe is with himself – or about where the major crisis, or turning point of the narrative actually occurs. Nor is there any special reason that the crisis should occur at or near the middle of the plot. It can, in fact, occur at any moment. In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and in a number of the other companion stories in â€Å"Dubliners† the crisis – in the form of a sudden illumination that Joyce called an epiphany – occurs at the very end of the story, and the falling action and the resolution are dispensed with

Public Health Homeless Youth

Question: Discuss about thePublic Healthfor Homeless Youth. Answer: Introduction Homelessness is one of the challenges that have been faced by the Australians. For a very long time, many people in Australia have been living in a state of primary, secondary and tertiary homelessness. The problem of homelessness affects everyone in the society including the children, youth, adults and the elderly (Slade, et al., 2014). Despite living in deplorable conditions, the homes are still subjected to stigmatization in the community. The Plight of the Homeless Youth There are so many Australian youth who are homeless. There are youth who are categorized as primary, secondary and tertiary homeless depending on the way they live. Generally, the Australian youth end up becoming homeless because of socioeconomic reasons. Research has established that many youth become homeless as a result of family disputes, violence, catastrophes, or crises faced in their respective families (Wood, Batterham, Cigdem Mallett, 2014). For example, when a family breaks up, children can be compelled to leave home and become homeless. Dimensions of the Stigmatization The homeless youth in Australia are subjected to lots of discriminatory practices. The society has developed a stigma towards the homeless youth. They have been seriously discriminated in nearly all the sectors of the economy. The homeless youth are looked down upon denied opportunities to enjoy healthcare services, education, recreation, employment opportunities (Kidd, Kenny McKinstry, 2014). Some employers do not prefer to hire homeless youth because they are viewed as misfits who have no benefits to bring to the organization (Manuel Crowe, 2014). There have been many occasions in which the homeless youth have been denied access to restaurants, shopping malls, and recreational parks. Meaning, they are isolated and excluded from the rest of the community. The discrimination of the homeless youth has negatively impacted on them in many ways. First and foremost, it has affected their well-being. The seclusion and the prejudices suffered have made the homeless youth to suffer psychologically, emotionally, and mentally. The stigmatization has negatively impacted on the health of the youth because it has made them to undergo depression, stress, and trauma (Toolis Hammack, 2015). Besides, the discrimination of the homeless youth has denied an opportunity to prosper. The fact that the homeless youth cannot get jobs implies that they cannot empower themselves and improve their economic status. How the Stigma can be Constructively Addressed The stigmatization and discrimination done to the homeless youth should be stopped because it does not benefit them in any way. To eradicate it, measures should be taken to sensitize the community members to refrain from discriminating upon the homeless youth. The society should not stigmatize the homeless youth because it only causes harm to the victims. The behavior change should be emphasized at personal and institutional levels (Parsell, Jones Head, 2013). The other measure that should be taken to eliminate stigmatization and discrimination of the homeless youth is the formulation and enforcement of protectionist policies by the government. If the government outlaws the practice, no one will discriminate and stigmatize the homeless youth anymore (Corrigan, Powell Michaels, 2014). Conclusion Homelessness has been a major issue of concern in Australia. The homeless youth, just like any other homeless people are stigmatized and discriminated by the rest of the society. The stigmatization has negatively impacted on the prosperity and health of the victims. Policy changes should be put in place to outlaw the practice and sensitize the society to refrain from it. References Corrigan, P. W., Powell, K. J., Michaels, P. J., (2014). Brief battery for measurement of stigmatizing versus affirming attitudes about mental illness. Psychiatry research, 215(2), 466-470. Kidd, S., Kenny, A., McKinstry, C. (2014). From experience to action in recovery-oriented mental health practice: A first person inquiry. Action Research, 12(4), 357-373. Manuel, J., Crowe, M. (2014). Clinical responsibility, accountability, and risk aversion in mental health nursing: A descriptive, qualitative study. International journal of mental health nursing, 23(4), 336-343. Parsell, C., Jones, A., Head, B. (2013). Policies and programmes to end homelessness in Australia: Learning from international practice. International Journal of Social Welfare,22(2), 186-194. Toolis, E. E., Hammack, P. L. (2015). The lived experience of homeless youth: A narrative approach. Qualitative Psychology, 2(1), 50. Wood, G., Batterham, D., Cigdem, M., Mallett, S. (2014). The spatial dynamics of homelessness in Australia 20012011. Slade, M., et al., (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 12-20.

Athens Essay Essay Example

Athens Essay Paper The Athenians were located near the sea in a region of Greece called Attica. Because the Athenians were so close to the sea they became traders trading with other civilizations around the Mediterranean region. Also this encouraged Athens to build a strong naval fleet. Due to their constant travel around the Mediterranean Athens began to learn about other cultures along with learning new ideas while at the same time spreading their own culture and ideas.Sparta: The Spartans were located on a plain between the mountains and the sea where they farmed on the fertile soil. The land on which they were located was called the Peloponnesus and was located a peninsula called the Peloponnesus. The Spartans were built inland so they had no use for the sea. Right next to them was a group of people called the Messenians. The Spartans conquered these people and forced them into slavery. Later the Messenians revolted against the Spartans and the Spartans could barely subdue them.After this all boys were trained to be soldiers for times of war or a Messinian (now called the Helots) revolt. The soldiers had to be well trained especially since the Helots outnumbered the Spartans 20-1. Government Athens: Athens operated under a democratic government. All free Athenian men over 18 years old were considered citizens and only citizens could hold government positions. Women, children, foreigners, and slaves were not allowed government positions. There were three government groups.There was the assembly which included all Athenian citizens, there was the council of 500 which were Athenian citizens above the age of 30 were chosen by lottery, and there was the stategoi which were elected. The assembly composed of at least 6,000 citizens which had a meeting every 10 days. We will write a custom essay sample on Athens Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Athens Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Athens Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Assembly debated and voted on laws that were proposed by the council. When voting on yes or no issues the assembly members used rocks to vote. They would use a black rock to stand for no, and a white rock to stand for yes. The council ran the daily business of the government and proposed new laws.An interesting fact about the assembly is that if not enough citizens showed up for a meeting slaves would gather citizens using ropes dipped in red paint. Often men were embarrassed to arrive at a meeting with their clothes covered in red paint. Finally the stategoi was a group of 10 citizens who ran and commanded the army. Since it was crucial to be selective in choosing good military leaders the strategoi were the only government officials to be elected. Sparta: The Spartan government operated very differently than the Athenian government.To start off rather than being a democracy like Athens, Sparta had an oligarchic government or a government ruled by a few people. Like in Athens there were three branches but their roles would be much different. At the top of the pyramid were two kings who inherited their power. One of the kings usually led the Spartan army. Next down on the list was the council of elders. This group was composed of 28 male citizens all of whom were older than 60 and came from a noble family. The council was elected by members of the assembly who many historians believe yelled for their favorite candidate.The candidate that received the most cheering was elected and once elected the councilors served for life. The council of elders held almost all of the power in Sparta, as they made laws for the assembly to vote on, could stop laws passed by the assembly and could overturn any ruling made by the assembly. At the bottom of the government pyramid was the Assembly. Like in Athens the assembly was made up of all free male citizens but the similarities stopped there. To start off the assembly had very little power. Also the assembly could only vote on yes or no laws, and could not debate issues.Also if the assembly voted on a law and the council didn’t like the ruling they could simply overturn the law without the consent of the assembly. Economy Athens: The Athenian economy was primarily based on trade. The land surrounding Athens could not provide enough food for all of the city’s citizens; however Athens was near the sea and had a good harbor. As a result the Athenians traded with other city-states along with a few other civilizations in the Mediterranean region. Some resources the Athenians required were wood from Italy, and grain from Egypt.In exchange the Athenians often gave items such as honey, olive oil, silver and pottery. The Athenians bought and sold their goods at a public marketplace called the Agora. At the Agora people could buy food, household items, clothes and slaves. Some common foods bought at the Agora were lettuce, onions, wine, and olive oil. In addition Athenians also often also purchased pottery, furniture, jewelry and slaves. Athens along with some other city states also made its own coins. Coins made it easier to trade and were made of gold, silver, and bronze and reflected their actual value through the valuable metals.The coins were decorated with a picture of Athena, the patron goddess Athens on the front, and Athena’s representative bird, an owl on the back. Sparta: The Spartan Economy ran quite a bit differently than the Athenian Economy. To start off instead of relying on trade the Spartans relied on farming and conquering. All the Spartan men were soldiers so the Spartans got other people to do the resource production for them. When Sparta was first founded the Spartans conquered the nearby region of Messenia and enslaved the natives which the Spartans calledhelots.The helots farmed for the Spartans and sent most of their goods to Sparta while keeping the extras for themselves. Non-citizens calledperioikoito manufactured goods for them. The perioikoi made garments, tools, weapons and pottery for the Spartans. The perioikoi also ran some of the city’s trade. However the Spartans discouraged trade because they believed that as a result there would be new ideas which would lead to corruption and weaken the government. Also even if the Spartans wanted to trade it would have been difficult since instead of using coins as their form of money the Spartans used huge iron bars.This system was formed since a long time ago a Spartan leader thought that if they used heavy iron bars it would prevent theft since to steal an amount of value a thief would need a wagon to carry the iron away. However this led to the other city states not being too excited to trade with the Spartans due to receiving iron bars in exchange for their goods. Education: | Athenian Male| Spartan Male| Athenian Female| Spartan Female| Birth| Olive Leaf used to Represent Birth| Tested at birth for signs of weakness. Would be left to die if he had any weaknesses| Represented birth with sheep’s wool| Checked to see if she was strong.Would be left to die if she was weak| Early Childhood| Raised by mother or Slave until age 6| Would be raised by parents until the age of 7| Taught by mother until age of 13| Received physical training to have strong children| Education| Received a well rounded education in school from ages of 6-14. Learned academics along with physical training| Would go to the barracks at the age of 7 and begin military training| Did not go to school, learned to do housework| Exercised to stay fit| 13-17| No formal education. Could learn a trade from his father. Would continue to train at the barracks| Would have an arranged marriage with| Would participate in Hereia festival in honor of Hera. Festival would be made of athletic events| 18| Would begin military training and service| Would be elected into a mess| Would live with her husband| Would marry a husband in secret| 30| Would marry a younger woman| Could live at home with his family| Live the rest of her life with her husband| Would live with her family| Athens: The Athenians received a very well rounded education.Due to the fact only boys would grow up to become citizens male and females in Athens were educated very differently. An Athenian boy would be taught at home either by slaves or their mothers until the age of 6 or 7. Then the boys would go to school and learn reading, writing, literature, and arithmetic until they turned 14. During this time the boys also learned wrestling and gymnastics to make sure the boys were strong along with learning how to play the lyre and sing. When the boy turned 18 he began his military training.After serving the boy, who was now a man would study with private teachers before starting work on a trade of the boys choice. Girls on the other hand had a very different training. Their mothers would teach the girls to clean, cook, weave cloth and to spin thread. A few girls also learned ancient secret songs and dances for religious festivals. Around the age of 15 girls married a man much older than the woman. Girls from wealthy families often had arranged marriages with men of a higher class, while girls from poorer amilies usually had more choice. Sparta: The Spartan education revolved around the one thing that the Spartans valued above all else, war. Similar to in Athens male and female children went through different education. A boy would be taught a home until the age of 7. At the age of 7 a Spartan boy went to the barracks to receive military training. At the barracks Spartan boys learned fighting skills such as running, boxing, wrestling and racing. The Spartan boys also learned to read and write but the Spartans did not consider such skills important.During their training the Spartans were subjected to harsh conditions such as going barefoot and having very little to eat. The Spartan boys in fact were given so little to eat that they were encouraged to steal. However if they were caught stealing they would be punished. This was not because the boys were caught stealing- but because they were careless enough to get caught! at the age of 18 a few boys who excelled in training were selected to be trained as part of the â€Å"secret service brigade†. This select group trained in the wild with no support which was supposed to make them especially tough.When the boys turned 20 they were considered men and were elected into messes. In a mess the men ate together to make them become close to one another to make them fight together and united in battle. The men would then fight in the army until the age of 60 when they could retire. Conclusion: The Spartans and Athenians were 2 very different groups of people. The Spartans were militaristic people who valued strength and simplicity. They ran under and oligarchic government and were the military superpower of Greece. They relied on farming and conquering.The Athenians on the other hand had a strong culture and a well rounded society. They ran the first democracy in the world, and were proud of their art and culture. The Athenians relied on trade. These two city-states were great civilizations and working together they could have achieved more than we could imagine. However this would never happen and greed, jealousy, and the lust for power would put to 2 superpowers of ancient Greece head to head in ferocious civil war and lead to the end of Greece. Greece’s map Athen’s Athen’s map Sparta’s map

Neighborhood Watch Essays - Community Development, Local Government

Neighborhood Watch Essays - Community Development, Local Government Neighborhood Watch The Neighborhood Watch: One of the most effective crime prevention tools being utilized today is the Neighborhood Watch. The Neighborhood Watch was designed to help strengthen the relationships between neighbors and in the process build community wide crime prevention. Law enforcement officials have for years relied on the community to assist in apprehending criminals after the crime has been committed. With a Neighborhood Watch, this assistance is proactive instead of reactive, meaning that the watch can stop the crime before it occurs. A Neighborhood Watch can be formed around any geographical unit: a block, apartment, public housing complex or neighborhood. A watch group serves as an extra set of eyes and ears for reporting crime and helping neighbors. The effectiveness of a Neighborhood Watch is depends on its members. The Neighborhood Watch serves as a springboard for efforts that address community concerns such as recreation for youth, child care, and affordable housing. A Neighborhood Watch can easily be set up, first contact your neighbors, then then contact your local law enforcement agency and check about setting up a Neighborhood Watch meeting. In order for a group to be certified as a neighborhood watch, most agencies require a minimum of two initial meetings. After the two initial meetings, it is up to each neighborhood to elect a captain for the Neighborhood Watch. Once this is done, the captain will receive signs that will announce to would be criminals that the neighborhood is on the watch. (National Crime Prevention) There are some tips that are important to keep in mind, which help the Neighborhood watch succeed. First, organize regular meetings that focus on current issues such as drug abuse, crime in schools, recreational activities for young people, and neighborhood problems. Second organize community patrols to walk around streets or apartment complexes and report suspicious activity to police. People in cars with cellular phones or CB radios can also patrol. Also, adopt a park or street in the neighborhood. Pick up litter, repair broken equipment, paint over graffiti, to make the neighborhood look nicer. If your

How Neorealism before 1950 Affected Film History Essay

How Neorealism before 1950 Affected Film History - Essay Example Instead of overblown and idealistic propaganda films celebrating the ideals of a fascist state, film makers turned to the simple lives of rural peasants, and the struggles of ordinary workers in the cities. The three most famous neorealist directors are Roberto Rossellini, Vittorio De Sica and Luchina Visconti. One critic notes that the neorealist movement is widely regarded to have started with Rossellini’s gritty and unsentimental about a resistance prieced Rome, Open City in 1945. This kind of film became famous for â€Å"a sparse style of shooting on actual locations, with mostly nonprofessional players, and emphasizing themes of basic human problems and issues.† (Hamilton, 2006, p. 61) Children often feature, as in the film Shoeshine by Vittorio De Sica, which tells the at times harrowing tale of two boys who dream of owning a horse and fall into the hands of some corrupt policemen. The realistic portrayal of the sufferings of the boys in prison, raises issues abou t the kind of society that Italy can and should be setting up now that the war is over. Another critic notes: â€Å"neorealism became the repository of partisan hopes for social justice in the postwar Italian state.† (Marcus, 1986, p. xiv). The films of Rossellini deal with the devastation that has been caused by the war in Europe, and he made a trilogy which explored how the poorer people in Italy and German came to terms with the turmoil. These films do not have a traditional narrative line, but show episodes which between them build up a picture of life in those difficult days. Small visual items can have symbolic meaning far beyond the immediate context of the film, and the skill of Rossellini and others was to use the camera to illuminate deeper issues through images. The camera work is the opposite of Hollywood’s slick and artificial interiors, preferring the rather stark and ugly landscape of the war-torn countryside, and the dirty streets where people have to s cratch a living any way they can. The films were popular at the time, despite their lack of a clear plot. People learned to look at the films in a new way, as a window on life itself: â€Å"Even the Italian neorealist directors, who stress everyday reality in their films and deny the validity of invented stories, argue that their particular brand of everyday reality is not boring because of its complex echoes and implications† (Boggs and Petrie, 2000, p. 37) Another feature of the neorealist directors’ work was that it had universal appeal, despite being very firmly tied to local scenery. Rossellini’s vision of a bombed and derelict Berlin in Germany, Year Zero, for example, juxtaposes a blond child and the colossal ruins of the city, with tragic consequences. The overwhelming message of the film is the destruction and futility of war. Heaps of rubble obliterate the civilization that was there before, leaving the boy adrift and hopeless, with no past and no futu re. The second film in Rossellini’s trilogy, Paisan, depicts the American soldiers’ encounter with demoralized Italian rural people in different regions, distilling the experiences of the war years in to the faces and conversations of unsophisticated farm workers. The human cost of the war is depicted starkly, and there is newsreel footage interspersed with the fictional episodes. The director makes every effort to present the material in a clear, unadorned way, so that

Money Management Midterm-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Money Management Midterm-1 - Essay Example It is imperative to note that, the insurance companies are obliged to make regular and lifelong payments until the holder dies (Brealey & Myers, 1997). Consider the formula of calculating life annuity returns Payout= P*R*(1+R) exponent N/ (1+R) Whereby P is the principal, R interest rate and payout refers to the periodic payment. Take a percentage interest of 6% and use the annuity calculator for easy calculation. For a single life annuity, fixed amount to be paid is 3,333 per month. This adds up to EUR 39,996 annually. Therefore, annual periodic payment would be: A = EUR 39,996 Now I believe that I would need more money than EUR 39,996 annually. There would be different factors that would reduce the value of EUR 39,996 at that time like inflation. Therefore, when I retire and I think EUR 45,000 should be a valuable amount that I would need every year to spend my life happily. In order to have this amount every year, the interest rate should be 7% as calculated using Goal Seek option in Microsoft Excel. The life expectancy and retirement age considered in this context is 70 and 55 years respectively. PART II- SHARE ANALYSIS This part intends to examine and analyze two companies from the investment analysis. Various financial ratios will be applied to analyze the performances of the company. The implication created by the ratios will be used to recommend a suitable company for investors to invest. The two companies intended for analysis for this report are Lockheed Martin Corporation and Altera Corporation. Lockheed Martin Corporation Background information about the company Lockheed Martin is a global leader in providing aeronautics and defense security services. The company is the world’s largest federal contractor of the agency with unique product portfolio. Headquarter of the company is situated in Bethesda, Maryland in Washington Metropolitan Area. The company is present in more than 75 countries. The company has partnership with more than 300 indust ry players across the globe. It employs around 120,000 employees worldwide who include 80,000 scientists, engineers and IT professionals. This research establishes that, Lockheed reported $46.5 billion revenue in 2011 through its portfolio that includes aeronautics, electronics system, IT and global services, and space system. Net Income of the company is $2.65 billion in 2011. Presently, its share price is $93. Financial Ratios of Lockheed Martin Earnings per Share The Earnings per share shows how much return a shareholder is earning for each share (Friedlob and Plewa, 1996). The earnings per share of the Lockheed Martin were 7.81 in 2011. However, the average 3-year EPS growth rate of the stock is zero. Price Earnings Ratio Price Earnings ratio is the calculated by the following formula. Price earnings ratio = the market price per share/ annual earnings per share. A higher P/E of the stock implies that, investors are paying more for earning every dollar consequently; the share bec omes more expensive compared to the

Education in Britain Essay Example for Free

Education in Britain Essay ?Each child in England at the first school term after their third birthday, is entitled to 15 hours per week free childcare funding. This entitlement is funded by the government through the local council. The Early Learning Goals cover the main areas of education without being subject driven. These areas include Personal, social and emotional development (prime area) Communication and Language (prime area) Physical education (prime area) Literacy (specific area) Mathematics (specific area) Understanding the World (specific area). Expressive Art Design (specific area) Until the mid-1980s, nursery schools only admitted pupils in the final year (three terms) leading up to their admission to primary school, but pupils now attend nursery school for four or five terms. It is also common practise for many children to attend nursery much earlier than this. Many nurseries have the facilities to take on babies, using the Early Years Foundation Stage, framework as a guide to give each child the best possible start to becoming a competent learner and skillful communicator. A primary school (also Elementary school) an school which where children receive primary or elementary education between the ages of about five to about eleven, coming before secondary school and after preschool. It is the first stage of compulsory education in most parts of the world, and is normally available without charge, but may be a fee-paying independent school. In England and Wales secondary school is for children from the ages of 11 to 18. After 11 years of compulsory education ends, and young people can decide whether to continue their studies further at school or sixth form college, or leave the education system. After five years of secondary education, at the age of 16, pupils take the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examination. When they are in the third or in the forth form, they begin to choose their exam subjects and prepare for them. After finishing the fifth form pupils can make their choice: they may either leave school  and go to a Further Education College or continue their education in the sixth form. Those who stay at school after GCSE, study for 2 more years for A (Advanced) Level Exams in two or three subjects which is necessary to get a place at one of British universities. The typical first degree offered at English universities is the bachelors degree, and usually lasts for three years. Many institutions now offer an undergraduate masters degree as a first degree, which typically lasts for four years. During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. The difference in fees between undergraduate and traditional postgraduate masters degrees (and the possibility of securing LEA funding for the former) makes taking an undergraduate masters degree as a first degree a more attractive option, although the novelty of undergraduate masters degrees means that the relative educational merit of the two is currently unclear. Some universities offer a vocationally based foundation degree, typically two years in length for those students who hope to continue on to a first degree but wish to remain in employment. Postgraduate education Students who have completed a first degree are eligible to undertake a postgraduate degree, which might be a: Masters degree (typically taken in one year, though research-based masters degrees may last for two) Doctorate (typically taken in three years) Postgraduate education is not automatically financed by the state.

A Character Analysis of Macbeth in Shakespeares Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

A Character Analysis of Macbeth in Shakespeare's Macbeth By the end of Act V scene v it is clear that Macbeth is not going to rule his kingdom much longer. He is to be killed by a "man none of woman born" (IV,i,80) who we find out latter in the play is Macduff. Before Macbeth is to be killed we find out that he is a great warrior, a sane man, and a superstitious man. In Act I scene ii we find out that Macbeth is a great warrior. We start the scene off from a sergeants account of the fighting against the enemy's of the king and Macbeth. For brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name,-disdaining fortune, with his brandish'd steel, which smok'd with bloody execution. (I,ii,16-18) From this we can tell that Macbeth fought bravely and through unbeatable odds against Macdonwald's army. It also tells us that Macbeth can handle a sword like it was an extension of his own body. The sergeant also tells us: As cannons overcharg'd with double cracks; So they doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe: (I,ii,37-39) From this we can tell that he was a relentless and courageous fighter and would not stop until he had won. He is such a fearless fighter that the day would be remembered for centuries to come the sergeant says: "Or memorize another Golgotha," this tells us that Macbeth would have gone down in the books as Scotland's heroic warrior. Macbeth had two glorious battles both of which he had won. from these battles and the sergeants words we can truly say that Macbeth was a great warrior. Macbeth is also to be portrayed as an insane man, but I think that this is not to be true. An insane man is supposed to be delirious, make no sense what-so-ever, and to enjoy the killing and deaths of others. On the contrary Macbeth is none of these, he in my opinion is a very sane man. Macbeth says to lady Macbeth that "we will proceed no further in this business" (I,vii,31) in this scene Macbeth is showing hesitation in killing Ducan, which tells us that Macbeth like any other normal man does not like killing. In Act II scene I Macbeth has his first major Soliloquy where he seems to be delirious by seeing a dagger floating around him "A dagger of the mind, a false creation" (II,i,38). I think that this in fact is just his imagination telling him that it is a mistake to kill Ducan. Macbeth has a very stressful decision on his mind whether to compel to the

Examples of sudden illness Essay

If they are out in the sun for a long period of time they may get sunburn or even sunstroke. When they are eating they may chock on the food. If the pavement is uneven they could even fall or they may go missing Procedures to follow if accident/illness occurs If an accident or illness occurs you will need to assess the situation before you do anything once you have done this you may need to phone an ambulance, once you have phoned the ambulance you will need to inform the care home so they can then contact the family member. Once you have returned you will need to fill out an accident report. Principles to be followed for safe moving and handling Before you attempt to move anyone you need to assess the situation and more anything out of the way that may cause harm to yourself or the service user when lifting you need to keep your back straight and bend your knees you need to keep it close to you. Important to follow the care plan and communication It is important to follow a persons are plan because you need to know their need and their risk assessment. It is also important to communicate so they do not get worried and so other carers know what you are doing. Staff responsibility for medication The staff that is responsible for the medication are the ctm on duty if you go out a ctm will need to go to give the medication. All medication must be signed for and you must chek how it needs to be stored and how many are to be given and what time. Agreed ways of: Obtaining: to obtain medication you have to sign for it Storing: to store medication it must be locked away Administering: a ctm that is on duty must go with you to administer the mediation Recording: all medication that is giving to a service user must be recorded in the medication book Specialist training a)Carrying out emergency first aid: you may not know the correct way to do something and could cause more harm. b)Assisting with moving and handling : if you do not have the training you do not know the correct way to transfer someone or how to help them stand further more you could injure yourself or the service user c)Handling mediation: you can not handle medication if you have not had training.

Odysseus And Aeneas Similarities - 922 Words

Katelin Haines Mrs. Howard ENG 223 15 October 2017 The Differences and Similarities between Odysseus and Aeneas â€Å"Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story of that man †¦ the wanderer (Lawall and Mack 225). This is from the first stanza of book one of The Odyssey by Homer; it is an epic Greek poem written in the eighth century B.C. Hundreds of years later, Virgil wrote The Aeneid, the Roman epic, around 19 B.C. It was inspired by Homer’s works. This is easy to see not only in writing style, but by the similarities of the two main characters, the wanderers, of The Odyssey and The Aeneid: Odysseus and Aeneas respectively. There are also differences throughout the stories that the poets use to emphasize different characteristics.†¦show more content†¦Homer wants Odysseus to be without any family on his journey, so he can find his way home to them; this gives him the characteristic of a caring father. Whereas, Virgil is able to give Aeneas a stronger quality of a father who would do anything for his child. Next, Odysseus and Aeneas share similarities and differences in the journeys they are on—where they begin, where they go, and why. Both of their adventures are long and include many stops. They both begin in Troy (for different reasons) and eventually reach their destinations. The main difference is why they are on their journeys. Odysseus is trying to return home to Ithaka after the Trojan Wars where he has fought to overtake Troy. Aeneas is trying to find a new home in Italy after the Trojan Wars because his home was Troy, and it has been destroyed, â€Å"From the sea-coast of Troy in early days He came to Italy by destiny† (Lawall and Mack 1055). Odysseus makes it home to Ithaka, and Aeneas is able to finally make it to Italy. Odysseus has been away from home for twenty years; Homer makes his journey long, and it gives him the characteristic of determination; all those years, Odysseus never gives up, and he perseveres until he is home. Virgil’s hero is on hi s journey because hisShow MoreRelatedSimilarities and Differences in the Aeneid and the Odyssey.1418 Words   |  6 Pagesheroes –Odysseus and Aeneas, as they struggle towards their goal through the crises and deadly situations caused by the wrath of the gods upon them. In the Odyssey, we see that Poseidon (god of the sea/earth shaker) has a grudge against Odysseus while Athena, god of wisdom, aids him throughout his journey. Similarly in the Aeneid, we see that goddess Juno dislikes Aeneas as he is destined to destroy the city of Carthage loved by Juno during his mission to find a new land- Rome, whereas Aeneas’ motherRead MoreVirgil vs. Homer in Underworld1569 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ How does Virgil deviate from Homer in the underworld, and why? When comparing â€Å"The Aeneid† to â€Å"The Odyssey†, it is impossible not to notice the similarity between Homer and Virgil s poems. Both heroes leave Troy, granted one barely escapes and the other leaves victoriously, and both in one sense or the other are trying to reach their home, whether it is the old or future home. The adventures of the two heroes are incredibly similar on a number of accounts with the trip to the underworld beingRead MoreHomer s Odyssey : The Epic Hero999 Words   |  4 Pages Odysseus can be classified as one of the most well-known epic heroes, and a clear example of Greek priorities and ideals. Written many years after, the Aeneid likewise depicts an epic hero, Aeneas, that also completes a long journey and has closely related aspects to the story of the Odyssey. 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Today992 Words   |  4 PagesWhile the depictions of what hell or heaven may be from the ancient times and now, what has stayed consist is the idea of an afterlife altogether. In The Aeneid, Aeneas has his own version of what the underworld is. Hell is depicted in Book VI of The Aeneid where the Trojans sail back to Sicily where the death of Anchises is marked. Aeneas enters the underworld after meeting with Sibyl, who is a priestess at the Temple of Apollo and asks to enter so that he can visit his father. In order to enter and

Overview of the Book Stigma by Erving Goffman

Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity is a book written by sociologist  Erving Goffman in 1963 about the idea of stigma and what it is like to be a stigmatized person. It is a look into the world of people considered abnormal by society. Stigmatized people are those that do not have full social acceptance and are constantly striving to adjust their social identities: physically deformed people, mental patients, drug addicts, prostitutes, etc. Goffman relies extensively on autobiographies and case studies to analyze stigmatized persons’ feelings about themselves and their relationships to â€Å"normal† people. He looks at the variety of strategies that stigmatized individuals use to deal with the rejection of others and the complex images of themselves that they project to others. Three Types of Stigma In the first chapter of the book, Goffman identifies three types of stigma: stigma of character traits, physical stigma, and stigma of group identity. Stigma of character traits are: â€Å"...blemishes of individual character perceived as weak will, domineering, or unnatural passions, treacherous and rigid beliefs, and dishonesty, these being inferred from a known record of, for example, mental disorder, imprisonment, addiction, alcoholism, homosexuality, unemployment, suicidal attempts, and radical political behavior.† Physical stigma refers to physical deformities of the body, while stigma of group identity is a stigma that comes from being of a particular race, nation, religion, etc. These stigmas are transmitted through lineages and contaminate all members of a family. What all of these types of stigma have in common is that they each have the same sociological features: â€Å"...an individual who might have been received easily in normal social intercourse possesses a trait that can obtrude itself upon attention and turn those of us whom he meets away from him, breaking the claim that his other attributes have on us.† When Goffman refers to â€Å"us,† he is referring to the non-stigmatized, which he calls the â€Å"normals.† Stigma Responses Goffman discusses a number of responses that stigmatized people can take. For example, they could undergo plastic surgery, however, they still risk being exposed as someone who was formerly stigmatized. They can also make special efforts to compensate for their stigma, such as drawing attention to another area of the body or to an impressive skill. They can also use their stigma as an excuse for their lack of success, they can see it as a learning experience, or they can use it to criticize â€Å"normals.† Hiding, however, can lead to further isolation, depression, and anxiety and when they do go out in public, they can, in turn, feel more self-conscious and afraid to display anger or other negative emotions. Stigmatized individuals can also turn to other stigmatized people or sympathetic others for support and coping. They can form or join self-help groups, clubs, national associations, or other groups to feel a sense of belonging. They might also produce their own conferences or magazines to raise their morale. Stigma Symbols In chapter two of the book,  Goffman discusses the role of â€Å"stigma symbols.† Symbols are a part of information control; they are used to understand others. For example, a wedding ring is a symbol that shows others that someone is married. Stigma symbols are similar. Skin color is a stigma symbol, as is a hearing aid, cane, shaved head, or wheelchair. Stigmatized people often use symbols as â€Å"disidentifiers† in order to try to pass as a â€Å"normal.† For instance, if an illiterate person is wearing ‘intellectual’ glasses, they might be trying to pass as a literate person; or, a homosexual person who tells ‘queer jokes’ might be trying to pass as a heterosexual person. These covering attempts, however, can also be problematic. If a stigmatized person tries to cover their stigma or pass as a â€Å"normal,† they have to avoid close relationships, and passing can often lead to self-contempt. They also need to constantly be alert and always checking their houses or bodies for signs of stigmatization. Rules for Handling Normals In chapter three of this book, Goffman discusses the rules that stigmatized people follow when handling â€Å"normals.† One must assume that â€Å"normals† are ignorant rather than malicious.No response is needed to snubs or insults, and the stigmatized should either ignore or patiently refute the offense and views behind it.The stigmatized should try to help reduce the tension by breaking the ice and using humor or even self-mockery.The stigmatized should treat â€Å"normals† as if they are honorary wise.The stigmatized should follow disclosure etiquette by using disability as a topic for serious conversation, for example.The stigmatized should use tactful pauses during conversations to allow recovery from shock over something that was said.The stigmatized should allow intrusive questions and agree to be helped.The stigmatized should see oneself as â€Å"normal† in order to put â€Å"normals† at easy. Deviance In the final two chapters of the book, Goffman discusses the underlying social functions of stigmatization, such as social control,  as well as the implications that stigma has for theories of deviance. For instance, stigma and deviance can be functional and acceptable in society if it is within limits and boundaries.

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hristopher McCandless last journal entry before dying of starvation in the Alaska bush was simply the words Beautiful Blueberries Essay Example For Students

hristopher McCandless last journal entry before dying of starvation in the Alaska bush was simply the words Beautiful Blueberries Essay Over the previous two years he bought a secondhand canoe on impulse and paddled to Mexico. Then he lived on the streets of Los Angeles with vagrants, camped in the Arizona dessert with hippies, tramped through almost every western state, occasionally holding odd jobs. He also lived completely off the land in the Alaskan backcountry. McCandless epic journey separated him from his parents and peers, a world of security and material excess, and a world in which he felt grievously cut off from the raw throb of existence. It was a journey that would have been a complete waste if it werent for Jon Krakauers book entitled Into the Wild. A lot of people believe that McCandless was an idiot. He was simply one more dreamy half-caulked greenhorn who went into the country expecting to find answers to all his problems and instead found only mosquitoes and a lonely death. Some people blamed Krakauer, in the magazine article that preceded the book, for glorifying a foolish, pointless death. But the beauty of Krakauers writing is that he doesnt glorify Chris McCandless life or even try to hide his personal weaknesses. Instead, that which becomes evident is a vivid portrait of McCandless journeys and an examination of why people are attracted to high-risk activities. Krakauer begins the book with Chris McCandless hiking into the Alaskan wilderness to his ensuing death. He does not return to this scene until the next to last chapter, effectively forcing the reader to see McCandless as more than an unprepared misfit who deserved to die because of the risks he took. We learn of his adventures tramping around the continent, discern how McCandless differs from people whom he had been favorably compared to in the outdoors community, learn of his family and upbringing, and we are told of a similar adventure in Alaska which almost claimed the authors life. Only then are we returned to the morbid Alaskan scene and the controversies surrounding McCandless death. Krakauer succeeds in writing a powerful book because we become attached to McCandless dream and sympathize to a greater degree with his desire to undertake what he labeled as the ultimate challenge. There are some unconventional aspects of the book, which turn it into something greater than a story of Chris McCandless. These are the way in which Krakauer goes about examining Chris McCandless through his own life, through others who have a similar desire for adventure, and through an examination of the novels he read. Into the Wild is not a fluff story about a misdirected youth; it has themes to which anyone who has ever dreamed of undertaking their own adventure, however large or small, can relate and gain insight. Overall Krakauer believes Chris McCandless wasnt that different from anyone else who liked adventure. Throughout the book there is an underlying battle against McCandless critics by trying to justify the  journey. Krakauer confesses that after writing a magazine article on McCandless he remained haunted by the particulars of the boys starvation and by vague, unsettling parallels between events in his life and those in my own. Unwilling to let McCandless go, Krakauer spent more than a year retracing the convoluted path that led to his death in the Alaska bush, chasing down the details with an interest that bordered on obsession until he finished writing the book. In this fierce passion, Krakauer is not only telling of McCandless life but his own, and in the process trying to make a world of critics understand why he, McCandless, and countless others are drawn to a life of potentially suicidal adventure. This passion draws the reader in, spins them around and spits them back out into the world with a different perception of life. This passion makes Into the Wild an amazing book.

Evaluating Viewpoint of Academicians

Question: Discuss about theEvaluating Viewpoint of Academicians. Answer: Introduction The initiation of knowledge and the insights drawn upon the intellect of any individual had begun from the advent of mankind. The cause and reason for development in the thought process of any human beings can be referred from the period of Renaissance. In fact the practices and the implantation of academic and research programs has improved (Haberman 2014). The modes and types of education practices have brought about significant alterations which has impacted the course of higher education. The review summarizes the probable viewpoints and cognitive recognition of the academics. This evaluation draws a comparison of the imposed political correctness in regards to the whole education sector. In a boarder perspective, though research and experiments enhance the process of education but still there are number controversies which have reacted against their conventional arguments. In view of this, the literature review proposes the ideologies that are affected by this hypothesis of validation of the academic views (Guo and Lakshmikantham 2014). Human Information Theories Information theories have existed in all fields. Depending in the cognitive patterns of the entire system there has been theories and beliefs that have a traditional outlook. The human mind operates on a system of information can be developed have been restored in their membrane and with due time it gets replenished with new category of information (Fawcett et al. 2104). The important concept of memory and how it accepts the general viewpoint because of the social peer should also be considered while analyzing the theories and conclusions drawn by the eminent experts. Extensive research is only an analysis and a complete evaluation supported by data which have previously been drawn from a similar conclusion on that topic ( Hanushek and Jackson 2013). Interviews and self revelations by many research pupils and academicians have revealed that often in the order to contribute an allegiance to the forefathers of the theory, people have caused many alterations in their proposals. Individu alistic views have been minimized in the sense that the decorum and principles of the concerned subject is mainly dominated by few of the individuals who have gained the power of that particular society (Haberman 2014). Procedures which are Essential for Comprehending the State of Affairs Withholding the fact that everyone is not capable of equal intelligible power and capability, the viewpoints should not be discerned, as the suggested ideas can help in improving the conservative theories (Fawcett et al. 2104). The curriculums have always promoted students for pursuing higher education. The issue that rises due to the accepted fact that all studies and mediums can be observed from different angles is not necessarily an option because the scenario changes from one point to the other. Academic comprehension suggests that viewpoints and conclusions are always supported by a number of exemplary references and evidence which must be used resourcefully (Haberman 2014). It is not an obligation to provide serious research to all the outputs of a study but the consideration is very important as it promotes and aids young minds to generate things which are equally accessible and accepted. In fact one of the most crucial onsets of the whole scenario is the phenomenon of imparti ng high skills and values regarding a particular subject. Everyone is not capable of proposing the best methods for innovations and scientific experiments but in the other hand the educational institutions presents the module and the scope in such a way so as to influence the minds who provides interest in exploring more about the subject. For instance if one can imagine the scenario of subject matter expert they can easily evaluate the generalizations that have been brought about by the modes of education ( Hanushek and Jackson 2013). Academicians often relegate and develop hypothesis on the same pattern that concerns the contemporary world. In order to understand and allow opportunities to students it s necessary to create options for self assessment as it will prepare their mindsets to proper research and the evidence of an available data. Efficiency and Assessment of the Academic Theories Considering the theories of sociology it can be assessed that nothing in the universe is rocket science, expect for rocket science itself which is more of a stated fact rather than proved theory (Guo and Lakshmikantham 2014). The query that can be raised while interpreting a data or any statements which has been made by eminent scholars must have a logical base, because the practical application of any research result is always not possible (Bartunek and Rynes 2014).The demonstrations of any character cannot assess through calculations or any numeric strategies cannot be observed through theoretical analysis. This basis of segmentation disallows the whole issue of composing or creating any theories which reacts to the system. Experts often deny the resistance they receive from the community for better and improved technique as this will overlap and counter act the previous theories raised by senior scholars (Fawcett et al. 2104). A huge number of proposals are being submitted and als o rejected every year. Many scholars too graduate to pursue higher studies and enable their expertise to create and formulate the best of opportunities for better analysis (Haberman 2014). In fact it can be realized more when as the student move to the upper grades, the specialization increases and as the elementary development on all subjects begins to decline. In this scenario the interest of the student is very potent because it will realize their subject topic and help them in invoking with activities that will aid their research. This is the core reason which makes the whole scenario very important as the aspects are necessary to be indentified and subjected to various factors (Fawcett et al. 2104). There is never a dearth of producing new dynamics and dimensions of new perspectives but the incorporation must be regulated and maintained by the University and Research Institutes (Bartunek and Rynes 2014). The probability and facility is not similar for all subjects but regardles s of the environment that exists in the whole education circuit, sometimes the complication that is associated with the subjects can be rendered as pretentious (Hanushek and Jackson 2013). It is never to be misunderstood that the subjects dont carry any weight rather it might add to the peer pressure and make the students less confident after applying for a subject. This is obvious that the examination patterns that the schools have in order to evaluate their students are due to the peer pressure for better grades (Bartunek and Rynes 2014). Grade systems are not considered the best method for evaluation but in the pretensions that the whole system might get disturbed this is followed accordingly. The reflections for understanding the scenario reading the academic condition of any country depends on many such factors that addresses the issues of the educational reform (Bartunek and Rynes 2014).Simplification is an easy process but the way to deconstruct a theorem is not final solutio n for this pretention of the course or the subject. Conclusion There are many articles which have been represented through the academic scholars and how they respond to the reactions of the society. There is an unwritten antagonism which is prevalent within the whole circumference of the subject matters. It is obligation to comply with the rules of these academic associations which is filled with like mind people who are serious practitioners of the subjects. The different strategies that are built within the forum of the same academic subject can be accessed through the means. There are individual societies that help in relating to the concerned arenas of knowledge. In order to access the instances of activities where the students does not take the curriculum seriously, this method is applied. This will not only help generating a sense of responsibility and well as in boosting their confidence towards their subject and scope. The fact that subjects are not that difficult as it seems because the schools intentionally have a curriculum which will improve and help in adopting and honing to the skills that are required for the development of that child. Australian University and several other Universities regard this cognition power as it is also important to alter the magnitude and need for learning and self improvement. A number of positive impacts have been observed in regards to the whole scenario that comprehends the possibilities of the statement. The motivation factor can also be regulated from this scenario as the students have been associated with a duty towards enhancing their skills and capability. The statement which counters the issue rose regarding the pretentious behavior of the syllabus as complicated, whereas on closer look it is really accessible. This is extremely important as the student might observe the relevancies which are being communicated through this style of teaching or module. Reference Bartunek, J.M. and Rynes, S.L., 2014. Academics and practitioners are alike and unlike the paradoxes of academicpractitioner relationships.Journal of Management,40(5), pp.1181-1201. Caiazza, R. and Volpe, T., 2015. MA process: a literature review and research agenda.Business Process Management Journal,21(1), pp.205-220. Fawcett, S.E., Waller, M.A., Miller, J.W., Schwieterman, M.A., Hazen, B.T. and Overstreet, R.E., 2014. A trail guide to publishing success: tips on writing influential conceptual, qualitative, and survey research.Journal of Business Logistics,35(1), pp.1-16. Guo, D. and Lakshmikantham, V., 2014.Nonlinear problems in abstract cones(Vol. 5). Academic press. Haberman, S.J., 2014.Analysis of qualitative data: Introductory topics. Academic Press. Hanushek, E.A. and Jackson, J.E., 2013.Statistical methods for social scientists. Academic Press. Hchstdter, A.K. and Scheck, B., 2015. Whats in a name: An analysis of impact investing understandings by academics and practitioners.Journal of Business Ethics,132(2), pp.449-475. Ismael, A.Y.A. and Babiker, M.E.M., 2016. The Relationship between Accounting Education Accounting Practice: With Reference to Academics and Practitioners of Accounting Profession in Sudan.International Journal of Economics and Finance,8(10), p.220. Klarsfeld, A., Booysen, L.A., Ng, E., Roper, I. and Tatli, A. eds., 2014.9.78 E+ 12: Country Perspectives on Diversity and Equal Treatment. Edward Elgar Publishing. Lindsay, P.H. and Norman, D.A., 2013.Human information processing: An introduction to psychology. Academic press. Macnamara, J., 2014. Emerging international standards for measurement and evaluation of public relations: A critical analysis.Public Relations Inquiry,3(1), pp.7-29. Patterson, F., 2016. Developments in work psychology: Emerging issues and future trends.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,74(4), pp.381-390. Rao, K.R. and Yip, P., 2014.Discrete cosine transform: algorithms, advantages, applications. Academic press. Serenko, A. and Bontis, N., 2013. The intellectual core and impact of the knowledge management academic discipline.Journal of Knowledge Management,17(1), pp.137-155. Taylor, H.M. and Karlin, S., 2014.An introduction to stochastic modeling. Academic press.

Lean Burn Engine Technology

Introduction With the rising desire to attain more miles per gallon of fuel, car manufacturers are now focusing their attention on lean burn engine technologies. On its part, the American government demonstrated its support for lean burn engine technology when it ratified the Energy Policy Act of 2005.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lean Burn Engine Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In essence, this act qualified cars, trucks, and sports utility vehicles that had engines using the lean burn technology for tax rebates amounting to as much as $2000 under the stipulation of that act. This research paper will examine the technology behind lean burn engines, its impact on the environment and its future prospects (Tobias, et al. 2006). The first lean burn technology for automobile engines was introduced in the market nearly four decades ago by Chrysler. The technology comprised of a set of sensors a nd electronics that would generally regulate the movement of the spark plug under a range of driving circumstances. This technology was meant to increase the performance of the engine and utilize the fuel used per mile. Initially, the automotive challenge that the inventors of lean burn technology wanted to overcome was the throttling losses. Naturally, an automobiles car must have enough space to provide the required power for acceleration but still be able to operate below its possible output when driving at high speed and this was hard to achieve using the lean burn technology (Tobias, et al. 2006). At the present, a large percentage of cars utilize a form of technology commonly known as the four-stroke combustion cycle to convert fuel into motion. This kind of technology is also referred to as the Otto cycle, in respect of Nikolaus Otto, who discovered it in 1867. The main problem of this kind of engine technology is that it consumes much fuel and environmentalists consider it h armful to the ozone layer. On its part, the lean burn engine technology utilizes refined ignition systems along with advanced emission technologies. This combination allows cars using this technology to attain excellent mileage performance and causes minimal threat to the environment (Tobias, et al. 2006). Lean Burn Engine Technology Currently, internal combustion engines that use natural gas are commanding more attention as interest grows in manufacturing automobile engines that are both efficient and environmentally friendly. In response to this interest, automobile manufacturers have introduced natural gas automobile engine sets that feature â€Å"lean-burn† technology.Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The technology is referred to as lean because unlike the convectional engine technology it uses excess air along with the fuel. The use of this kind of technology ha s brought about two positive effects. First, the excess air used in lean burn technology reduces the temperature of the combustion process and this lowers the amount of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) produced by nearly half, compared to a conventional gasoline engine. Second, since there is also excess oxygen available, the combustion process is more efficient and more power is produced from the same amount of fuel (Tobias, et al. 2006). The Combustion Process Any air/fuel reaction requires an energy source to initiate combustion. In the conventional petroleum engines, the combustion process is initiated by the spark plug. In lean-burn gas engines, the combustion process is initiated by pre-mixing the air and fuel upstream of the turbocharger before being introduced into the cylinder. This creates a more homogenous mixture in the combustion chamber and reduces the occurrence of â€Å"knocking† or detonation. To prevent either knocking or misfiring, the combustion process must be co ntrolled within a narrow operating window. In lean burn engine technology, the charge air temperatures together with air to fuel ratio are closely monitored. This is done by the microprocessor- based engine controller, which regulates the fuel flow and air/gas mixture and ignition timing (Cutter Information Corp., 1992). Unlike the conventional petroleum engine, the design of the lean-burn engine incorporates a simple open combustion chamber housed in the piston crown. The shape of the piston crown introduces turbulence in the incoming air/fuel mixture that promotes complete combustion by thoroughly exposing it to the advancing flame front. The flame plate of the cylinder head is regular (flat) and the spark plug is centrally located. The air and gas fuel are correctly mixed under the control of the engine management system (Cutter Information Corp., 1992).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lean Burn Engine Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Improving efficiency of the System Although lean burn engines that use natural gas have been in existence for some time now, there is room for improvement in terms of energy efficiency and emissions reduction. In fact, enhancing the efficiency of lean burn gas engines remains one of the most likely and cost-effective approaches to enhancing vehicle fuel economy over the next three decades. According to automobile experts, the United States has the potential of reducing its transportation fuel usage by as much as 40% through the production of engines that use the lean burn gas technology (Automotive News, 1992). If this is achieved, it will definitely lead to better economic, environmental, and energy security. By using lean burn engine technology in hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, it is possible to attain even greater fuel saving benefits (EIA, 2008). Ideally, one way of increasing the efficiency of the lean burn engine tec hnology is by focusing on complementary technology pathways involving shared partnerships with vehicle and engine manufacturers, suppliers, national laboratories, and learning institutions. Another strategy that can increase the efficiency of automobile engines using the lean burn technology is by inventing new combustion energy than the currently available natural gas usage. However, this should have minimal emissions in order to enable the engines to meet the required emission regulations without having to use the complex and costly equipment that is currently required. The invention of a cheap technology would definitely ensure that more people buy vehicles fitted with lean burn engines since the current costs have been a hindrance to many people (EIA, 2008). Ideally, one way of achieving all these strategies is by having well balanced research and development efforts ranging from basic research to prototype demonstration. This should be informed at every stage by industry collab orators whose role is to help in identifying the critical barriers to the commercialization of this technology.Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The existing public laboratories and universities should also increase their efforts in understanding how the combustion process can be enhanced to maximize its performance and keep emissions at minimal (Pollack, 1992). Environmental Impact of Lean Burn Engine Technology Motor vehicles continue to be the dominant source of air pollution despite tremendous advances in engine technology and pollution control. In industrialized countries, even as cleaner vehicles are replacing older ones, and as transportation emissions are beginning to decline, vehicles are still the major source of air pollution. Meanwhile, in the developing world, vehicle numbers are growing exponentially and without strict control standards in place, emissions from transportation sources are becoming an increasingly urgent concern (Tobias, et al. 2006). There have been repeated calls for gasoline vehicles to raise fuel economy, and thus decrease CO2 emissions. Lean-burn engine designs that use natural gas reduce fu el consumption by 15–20%. In order not to trade off higher fuel efficiency for increased pollutant emissions, lean-burn engine designs will require new aftertreatment technology for control of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions. NOx storage traps, the most efficient existing NOx control technology for lean-burn engines, are much more dramatically impacted by fuel sulfur than other form of engine technologies. Because higher sulfur levels reduce the effectiveness of the traps and necessitate increased fuel consumption, ultralow sulfur fuel is the key enabler for increasing the efficiency of vehicles using the lean burn engine technology (Tobias, et al. 2006). The lean-burn engine increases the ratio of air to fuel, thus reducing fuel use. Lean-burn engines provide an automatic benefit for CO and HC control, which are formed in smaller amounts and can be more easily oxidized in the oxygen-rich exhaust. The challenge comes with control of NOx in an oxygen-abundant environment. NOx storage traps face fewer technical challenges in natural gas engines than in diesel engines because combustion temperatures are easier to control. NOx storage traps demonstrate over 90% efficiency in storage and conversion of NOx to N2, but require virtually sulfur-free fuels for efficient use and this has not yet been achieved (Tobias, et al. 2006). Storage traps operate by incorporating basic oxides into the catalyst, which in turn reacts with the oxidized NO2 in the presence of excess O2 to form fairly stable nitrates. NOx can be stored in this way during lean combustion (excess oxygen) conditions. As the storage medium approaches saturation, or whenever acceleration occurs, the engine will burn fuel-rich, generating CO and HC gases. This triggers the release of NO2, which reacts, as in a three way canisters to oxidize CO and HC to CO2 and H2O while simultaneously being reduced to N2 (Tobias, et al. 2006). One of the results of this technology is significantly reduced emissions i n the exhaust. Most of the new lean-burn automobile engines have NOx emissions as low as.85 grams/BHP-hr, and produce low amounts of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM). This allows the engine sets to meet the most stringent air quality regulations without after-treatment devices in the exhaust stream. For even lower emissions, lean-burn automobile engine sets are frequently coupled with integrated after-treatment options such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Oxidation Catalysts, resulting in NOx levels at or below 0.15 grams/BHP-hr. With these after-treatment options, the lean gas automobile engines have been shown to meet the most stringent prime power emissions regulations anywhere in the world (Tobias, et al. 2006). As it has already been noted, the lean burn engine technology will enable huge leaps in fuel efficiency, translating directly into reductions in CO2 emissions in automobiles. If properly utilized, this technology could dramat ically reduce both greenhouse gas and conventional pollutant emissions. Additionally, research continues on how to make zero-emission transportation technologies, such as the hydrogen fuel cell economically viable. Sulfur is a major obstacle for technologies to both reduce and eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. The reduced fuel use in lean burn engine technology means that low sulfur is generated and this is definitely a good thing for the environment (Johnson, 1992). Sulfur levels in fuel have a range of direct and indirect impacts on greenhouse gas emissions. Sulfur prevents the efficient functioning of certain types of catalysts, which in turn translates into higher methane emissions from oxidation catalysts and higher CO2 emissions from more advanced technologies. Sulfur also impedes the viability of emissions control technologies in several arenas. In addition, fuel cells—the most promising long-term solution for eliminating greenhouse gas emissions—will require sulfur-free fuels in order to function. This goal is attainable if the use of lean burn engine technology in automobiles is fully adopted (Johnson, 1992). Fuel flexibility Another advantage of the lean-burn engine technology with full-authority electronic engine controls is the ability to operate on gas with a wide range of quality. A measurement called the Methane Number (MN) is used to determine gas suitability as an engine fuel. Most natural gas has an MN from 70 to 97, and pipeline quality gas typically has an MN of about 75. Resource recovery gas from landfills or sewage treatment facilities is typically of lower quality, but is often suitable for use in lean-burn engines. Most of the lean-burn automobile engines operate on gas with an MN of 50 or greater, providing excellent fuel flexibility. However, gas with a MN below 70 may require the engines output to be derated. Lean-burn gas engine sets are setting a new standard for fuel efficiency, high power output for their size, a nd for low emissions. In regions with supplies of natural gas, these engine sets are providing highly reliable electric power for utility peaking, distributed generation, prime power and for combined heat and power systems (MacKenzie, Roger, Donald, 1992). The Future Prospects of Lean Burn Technology Currently, there is an increased interest in lean-burn engine technologies, i.e. lean-burn natural gas engines, mainly due to their higher fuel efficiency compared to conventional petroleum engines (Greene, 2005). These engines work under excess oxygen and consequently produce oxygen-rich exhaust. However, effectively reducing NOx in oxygen-rich exhaust is a challenging endeavor because the conventional three-way catalyst technology is not able to reduce NOx efficiently under any circumstances. Therefore, new catalytic systems have to be developed. Several approaches have been suggested and among the most promising is the so-called NOx storage reduction (NSR) concept. Because of the th ree-way catalyst, the emission of NOx by natural gas engines has decreased significantly. However, this gain is counteracted by the continuing rise in vehicle numbers and distances traveled, particularly by the increase in the number of diesel engines that do not use the lean burn engine technology. The latest quarterly pricing survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers (Greene, 2005) shows that cars using the lean burn engine technology accounted for 49% of the total European car market at the end of 2005. It is expected that the number of cars using the lean burn engine technology will continue to grow, potentially achieving 55-60% of the total market. There are several reasons for the increased interest in lean burn engines that use natural gas. The lean-burn combustion of natural gas engines results in higher fuel efficiency compared to conventional petroleum engines and consequently significantly lower amounts of the greenhouse gas CO2. In addition, natural gas has enhanced performance r egarding CO and HC. Most governments in Westerns countries have been encouraging the use of lean burn engine technology. Tax regimes make natural gas cheaper than petroleum in order encourage the sales of lean burn technology engines (MacKenzie, Roger, Donald, 1992). The increased interest in lean-burn engine technology has prompted research on the development of a new catalyst that is capable of reducing NOx in excess O2 to meet future legislation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx using ammonia (NH3) or urea (CO (NH2)2) is a well-known process in industry as well as in stationary lean burn engine applications. In the presence of O2, NH3 tends to react with NOx to form N2. Urea, which is safer in use than NH3, can be used as NH3 source and urea-based systems are already applied for heavy-duty trucks (Sanger, 2001). Higher fuel efficiency and reduced emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2 make lean-burn engines attractive compared to conventional petroleum engines. However, c ontrolling the exhaust NOx emission has been recognized as one of the most challenging aspects for lean-burn engine technology as the conventional three-way catalyst is not effective in reducing NOx in a lean exhaust due to the high oxygen level (Sanger, 2001). A NOx storage/reduction (NSR) catalyst is among the most promising solutions to control NOx in lean exhaust. The NSR catalyst contains a storage component in order to store NOx under lean conditions. Catalyst regeneration is necessary as the storage capacity of the absorbing component gets saturated (Brunekreef, et al, 2010). Regeneration takes place by the introduction of a short period of rich driving, as injections of extra fuel cause decomposition of stored NOx and subsequent reduction into N2. A critical aspect of the NSR technology is the catalyst deactivation by sulfur. A detailed understanding about the NOx storage and reduction mechanism is important for improving catalyst regeneration times and preventing catalyst d eactivation. There has also been increased funding on research to ensure that commercialization of lean burn engine technology will not produce unintended human health effects. The already conducted research on this field has revealed that lean burn engines using low sulfur (less than 15-ppm sulfur) fuel and equipped with catalyzed particulate matters does not cause lung inflammation or pose other health hazards. This shows that the future prospects of lean burn engine technology is indeed bright just by looking at its environmental and financial factors and the increased funding from governments that want to develop an environmentally friendly ecosystem (Brunekreef, et al, 2010). Conclusion With the increased desire to gain more miles per gallon of fuel, car manufacturers are turning their attention to lean burn engine technologies. Over the last few years, the number of vehicles using engines made from lean burn technology has been on the rise. This has been enhanced by the effort s of various governments, which have been offering tax cuts to those purchasing cars fitted with this kind of engine technology. Although there are numerous challenges that have prevented this technology from being fully adopted, current trends in the automobile industry show that these challenges can be overcome in the course of time. With most governments and organizations keen on preserving the environment, there is no doubt that the use of lean burn engine technology will gain more popularity in the coming years. References Automotive News. (1992). Cleaner Civic OK in California. Automotive News 19 (2), 8. Brunekreef, B., et al. (2010). Air Pollution from Truck Traffic and Lung Function in Children Living Near Motorways. Epidemiology 8 (1), 298–303. Cutter Information Corp. (1992). Lean Burn Takes a Step Forward. Global Environmental Change Report, 7, (1), 7. EIA. (2008). The Transition to Ultralow-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Effects on Prices and Supply. Washington: Energy Infor mation Administration. Greene, D. (2005). A Note on Implicit Consumer Discounting of Automobile Fuel Economy: Reviewing the Available Evidence. Transportation Research 17 (6), 491-500. Johnson, R. (1992). Next Accord May Offer New Engine. Automotive News, 17 (1), 231-240. MacKenzie, J., Roger, D. and Donald, C. (1992). The Going Rate: What it Really Costs to Drive. Washington: World Resources Institute. Pollack, A. (1992). Running Half-Engine to Save Fuel. NY Times, 18 November, p. 16. Sanger, D. (2001). Fuel Efficiency: New Japan Coup? New York Times, July 31, p. C1. Tobias, H., et al. (2006). Chemical Analysis of Diesel Engine Nanoparticles Using a Nano-DMA/Thermal Desorption Particle Beam Mass Spectrometer. Environmental Science Technology 35 (2), 2233–2243. This research paper on Lean Burn Engine Technology was written and submitted by user Arya D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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